3.21.2012
頭足類累積重金屬研究
Toxic metals (Hg, Cd, and Pb) in fishery products imported into Italy: suitability for human consumption.
Radioisotopes demonstrate the contrasting bioaccumulation capacities of heavy metals in embryonic stages of cephalopod species
Risk assessment of methyl-mercury intake through cephalopods consumption in Portugal
J Food Sci. 2011 May;76(4):T121-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02152.x.
The Effects of Season and Sex in the Metal Levels of Mature Common Cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) in Mersin Bay, Northeastern Mediterranean.
Ayas D, Ozogul Y.
Source
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22221377
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22132123
3.20.2012
頭足類的神經肽
Cell Tissue Res. 2012 Mar 20. [Epub ahead of print]
The VD(1)/RPD (2) α1-neuropeptide is highly expressed in the brain of cephalopodmollusks.
Source
Department of Integrative Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
3.19.2012
3.14.2012
壓力導致章魚在mantle中吐墨
J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2011;50(6):943-5.
Intramantle Inking: A Stress Behavior in Octopus bimaculoides (Mollusca: Cephalopoda).
Source
Department of Biology, Illinois College, Jacksonville, Illinois, USA. hbennett@ic.edu.
Abstract
Several Pacific 2-spot octopuses (Octopus bimaculoides) shipped from California and held in a recirculating seawater system at Illinois College exhibited an unusual postshipping stress behavior not previously documented in the literature. Ink, normally ejected into the surrounding seawater, was uncharacteristically retained in the mantle cavity. We describe the resulting behaviors, discuss successful resuscitation efforts, and briefly consider the possible role(s) that ink may have played in the death of one octopus.
- PMID:
- 22330791
- [PubMed - in process]
- PMCID:
- PMC3228935
- [Available on 2012/5/1]
3.13.2012
侏羅紀龍蝦住在菊石殼裡
http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/03/prehistoric-lobsters-made-homes-of-ancient-ammonoid-shells/
Klompmaker, A., & Fraaije, R. (2012). Animal Behavior Frozen in Time: Gregarious Behavior of Early Jurassic Lobsters within an Ammonoid Body Chamber PLoS ONE, 7 (3) DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0031893
Klompmaker, A., & Fraaije, R. (2012). Animal Behavior Frozen in Time: Gregarious Behavior of Early Jurassic Lobsters within an Ammonoid Body Chamber PLoS ONE, 7 (3) DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0031893
3.12.2012
2012_大軸突傳導較快
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22238098
http://nerve.bsd.uchicago.edu/nerve1.html
[頭足類研究看看] 神經大小條有關係！研究比對靈長類, 哺乳類, 昆蟲以及章魚的大腦, 研究大腦中的神經粗細與效能, 發現粗神經效能高, 但是建造花費很貴, 就像是建高鐵或是高速公路, 而細神經雖然效能較低, 但是相對較便宜, 像是鄉間小徑, 大腦在建造複雜的神經網絡時, 也會評估每條神經要走的距離, 以最經濟的方式來決定神經粗細。
http://nerve.bsd.uchicago.edu/nerve1.html
[頭足類研究看看] 神經大小條有關係！研究比對靈長類, 哺乳類, 昆蟲以及章魚的大腦, 研究大腦中的神經粗細與效能, 發現粗神經效能高, 但是建造花費很貴, 就像是建高鐵或是高速公路, 而細神經雖然效能較低, 但是相對較便宜, 像是鄉間小徑, 大腦在建造複雜的神經網絡時, 也會評估每條神經要走的距離, 以最經濟的方式來決定神經粗細。
3.08.2012
烏賊前腦與眼部的ortholog表現@Gene expr patterns
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22365924
orthodenticle/otx ortholog expression in the anterior brain and eyes of Sepia officinalis (Mollusca,Cephalopoda).
3.07.2012
螢火魷發光的解密@FEB
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001457931100562X
Luciferase activity of the intracellular microcrystal of the firefly squid, Watasenia scintillans
Edited by Gianni Cesareni
3.06.2012
3.05.2012
3.01.2012
2.29.2012
超音波研究章魚腳@JEB
http://jeb.biologists.org/content/suppl/2011/10/24/214.22.3727.DC1/MovieS1.mov
http://jeb.biologists.org/content/214/22/3727/suppl/DC1
http://jeb.biologists.org/content/214/22/3727/suppl/DC1
J Exp Biol. 2011 Nov 15;214(Pt 22):3727-31.
Non-invasive study of Octopus vulgaris arm morphology using ultrasound.
Source
The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy.
Erratum in
- J Exp Biol. 2011 Dec 1;214(Pt 23):4065.
Abstract
Octopus arms are extremely dexterous structures. The special arrangements of the muscle fibers and nerve cord allow a rich variety of complex and fine movements under neural control. Historically, the arm structure has been investigated using traditional comparative morphological ex vivo analysis. Here, we employed ultrasound imaging, for the first time, to explore in vivo the arms of the cephalopod mollusc Octopus vulgaris. Sonographic examination (linear transducer, 18 MHz) was carried out in anesthetized animals along the three anatomical planes: transverse, sagittal and horizontal. Images of the arm were comparable to the corresponding histological sections. We were able, in a non-invasive way, to measure the dimensions of the arm and its internal structures such as muscle bundles and neural components. In addition, we evaluated echo intensity signals as an expression of the difference in the muscular organization of the tissues examined (i.e. transverse versus longitudinal muscles), finding different reflectivity based on different arrangements of fibers and their intimate relationship with other tissues. In contrast to classical preparative procedures, ultrasound imaging can provide rapid, destruction-free access to morphological data from numerous specimens, thus extending the range of techniques available for comparative studies of invertebrate morphology.
2.28.2012
2.27.2012
頭足類分類史 by Wensung Chung
1990之前就有800多個種類了, 這是頭足類傳統分類的行家努力而來的, 例如: 德國的Chun, 日本的Sasaki教授, Okutani爺爺, 蘇聯的Nesis大爺, 法國的Mangold阿媽, Renata夫人, 臺灣的Lu大人, 美國的Young教授, Hochberg研究員, Roper研究員, 英國的克拉克爵士, Boyle教授等等, 而近代更是族繁不及備載！近代分生的技術補足了過去形態
2.26.2012
低頻噪音對魷魚行為的影響＠Ocean Sciences Meeting
The research has been featured at the biennial Ocean Sciences Meeting.
It was presented by Aran Mooney from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) of Massachusetts, US.
2.22.2012
吸盤作用文獻 by Stavros
Barber, V. C. (2010). The sense organs of Nautilus. Nautilus, 223-230.
Budelmann, B., Schipp, R. & Boletzky, S.v. (1997). Cephalopoda. Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates, 6(A), 119-414.
Calisti, M., Giorelli, M., Levy, G., Mazzolai, B., Hochner, B., Laschi, C., et al. (2011). An octopus-bioinspired solution to movement and manipulation for soft robots. Bioinspiration & Biomimetics, 6, 036-042.
Cianchetti, M., Arienti, A., Follador, M., Mazzolai, B., Dario, P., & Laschi, C. (2010). Design concept and validation of a robotic arm inspired by the octopus. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 31(6), 1230-1239.
Cyran, N., Klinger, L., Scott, R., Griffiths, C., Schwaha, T., Zheden, V., et al. (2010). Characterization of the Adhesive Systems in Cephalopods. Biological Adhesive Systems, 53-86.
Girod, P. (1884). Recherches sur la peau des céphalopodes. La ventouse. Arch. Zool. Exp. Gen, 2, 379-401.
Grasso, F. W. (2008). Octopus sucker-arm coordination in grasping and manipulation. American Malacological Bulletin, 24(1), 13-23.
Graziadei, P. (1962). Receptors in the suckers of Octopus. Nature, 195, 57-59.
Graziadei, P. (1964). Electron microscopy of some primary receptors in the sucker of Octopus vulgaris. Cell and Tissue Research, 64(4), 510-522.
Graziadei, P. (1965). Muscle receptors in cephalopods. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences, 161(984), 392.
Graziadei, P., & Gagne, H. (1976). Sensory innervation in the rim of the octopus sucker. Journal of Morphology, 150(3), 639-679.
Gutfreund, Y. (2000). The intricacies of flexible arms. Science Spectra(19), 28-37. can't find this anywhere anymore
Gutfreund, Y., Flash, T., Fiorito, G., & Hochner, B. (1998). Patterns of arm muscle activation involved in octopus reaching movements. The Journal of neuroscience, 18(15), 5976-5987.
Gutfreund, Y., Flash, T., Yarom, Y., Fiorito, G., Segev, I., & Hochner, B. (1996). Organization of octopus arm movements: a model system for studying the control of flexible arms. The Journal of neuroscience, 16(22), 7297-7307.
Gutnick, T., Byrne, R. A., Hochner, B., & Kuba, M. (2011). Octopus vulgaris Uses Visual Information to Determine the Location of Its Arm. Current Biology, 21(6), 460-462.
Kier, W., & Thompson, J. (2003). Muscle arrangement, function and specialization in recent coleoids. Berliner Paläobiologische Abhandlungen, 3, 141-162.
Kier, W. M. (1982). The functional morphology of the musculature of squid (Loliginidae) arms and tentacles. Journal of Morphology, 172(2), 179-192.
Kier, W. M., & Smith, A. M. (1990). The morphology and mechanics of octopus suckers. The Biological Bulletin, 178(2), 126.
Kier, W. M., & Smith, K. K. (1985). Tongues, tentacles and trunks: the biomechanics of movement in muscular hydrostats. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 83(4), 307-324.
Kier, W. M., & Stella, M. P. (2007). The arrangement and function of octopus arm musculature and connective tissue. Journal of Morphology, 268(10), 831-843.
Laschi, C., Mazzolai, B., Mattoli, V., Cianchetti, M., & Dario, P. (2009). Design of a biomimetic robotic octopus arm. Bioinspiration & Biomimetics, 4, 015006.
Mather, J. A. (1998). How do octopuses use their arms? Journal of Comparative Psychology, 112(3), 306.
Matzner, H., Gutfreund, Y., & Hochner, B. (2000). Neuromuscular system of the flexible arm of the octopus: physiological characterization. Journal of Neurophysiology, 83(3), 1315-1328.
McMahan, W., & Walker, I. D. (2009). Octopus-inspired grasp-synergies for continuum manipulators.
Niven, J. E. (2011). Invertebrate Neurobiology: Visual Direction of Arm Movements in an Octopus. Current Biology, 21(6), R217-R218.
Nixon, M., & Dilly, P. (1977). Sucker surfaces and prey capture. Paper presented at the Symp. Zool. Soc. , London.
Packard, A. (1988). Visual tactics and evolutionary strategies. Cephalopods Present and Past, 89–103.
Rowell, C. (1963). Excitatory and inhibitory pathways in the arm of Octopus. Journal of experimental biology, 40(2), 257-270.
Rowell, C. (1966). Activity of interneurones in the arm of Octopus in response to tactile stimulation. Journal of experimental biology, 44(3), 589-605.
Smith, A. (1996). Cephalopod sucker design and the physical limits to negative pressure. Journal of experimental biology, 199(4), 949-958.
Smith, A. M. (1991). Negative pressure generated by octopus suckers: a study of the tensile strength of water in nature. Journal of experimental biology, 157(1), 257-271.
Sumbre, G., Gutfreund, Y., Fiorito, G., Flash, T., & Hochner, B. (2001). Control of octopus arm extension by a peripheral motor program. Science, 293(5536), 1845-1848.
Walker, I. D., Dawson, D. M., Flash, T., Grasso, F., Hanlon, R., Hochner, B., et al. (2005). Continuum robot arms inspired by cephalopods. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 2005 SPIE Conference on Unmanned Ground Vehicle Technology IV, Orlando, Florida, USA.
Wells, M. (1963). Taste by touch: some experiments with Octopus. Journal of experimental biology, 40(1), 187-193.
Wells, M. J. (1978). Octopus. Physiology and Behaviour of an Advanced Invertebrate. Chapman and Hall, London.
Woolley, B., & Stanley, K. (2011). Evolving a single scalable controller for an octopus arm with a variable number of segments. Parallel Problem Solving from Nature–PPSN XI, 270-279.
VAVOURAKIS, V., KAZAKIDI, A., & TSAKIRIS, D. (2011). A FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR NON-LINEAR HYPERELASTICITY APPLIED FOR THE SIMULATION OF OCTOPUS ARM MOTIONS. ics.forth.gr. Retrieved from http://www.ics.forth.gr/~
Young, J. (1963). The number and sizes of nerve cells in Octopus. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, London, England.
Young, J. Z., & Boycott, B. B. (1971). The anatomy of the nervous system of Octopus vulgaris: Clarendon Press Oxford.
Zelman, I., Galun, M., Akselrod-Ballin, A., Yekutieli, Y., Hochner, B., & Flash, T. (2009). Nearly automatic motion capture system for tracking octopus arm movements in 3D space. Journal of neuroscience methods, 182(1), 97-109.
Cianchetti, M., Arienti, A., Follador, M., Mazzolai, B., Dario, P., & Laschi, C. (2010). Design concept and validation of a robotic arm inspired by the octopus. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 31(6), 1230-1239.
Cyran, N., Klinger, L., Scott, R., Griffiths, C., Schwaha, T., Zheden, V., et al. (2010). Characterization of the Adhesive Systems in Cephalopods. Biological Adhesive Systems, 53-86.
Girod, P. (1884). Recherches sur la peau des céphalopodes. La ventouse. Arch. Zool. Exp. Gen, 2, 379-401.
Grasso, F. W. (2008). Octopus sucker-arm coordination in grasping and manipulation. American Malacological Bulletin, 24(1), 13-23.
Graziadei, P. (1962). Receptors in the suckers of Octopus. Nature, 195, 57-59.
Graziadei, P. (1964). Electron microscopy of some primary receptors in the sucker of Octopus vulgaris. Cell and Tissue Research, 64(4), 510-522.
Graziadei, P. (1965). Muscle receptors in cephalopods. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences, 161(984), 392.
Graziadei, P., & Gagne, H. (1976). Sensory innervation in the rim of the octopus sucker. Journal of Morphology, 150(3), 639-679.
Gutfreund, Y. (2000). The intricacies of flexible arms. Science Spectra(19), 28-37. can't find this anywhere anymore
Gutfreund, Y., Flash, T., Fiorito, G., & Hochner, B. (1998). Patterns of arm muscle activation involved in octopus reaching movements. The Journal of neuroscience, 18(15), 5976-5987.
Gutfreund, Y., Flash, T., Yarom, Y., Fiorito, G., Segev, I., & Hochner, B. (1996). Organization of octopus arm movements: a model system for studying the control of flexible arms. The Journal of neuroscience, 16(22), 7297-7307.
Gutnick, T., Byrne, R. A., Hochner, B., & Kuba, M. (2011). Octopus vulgaris Uses Visual Information to Determine the Location of Its Arm. Current Biology, 21(6), 460-462.
Kier, W., & Thompson, J. (2003). Muscle arrangement, function and specialization in recent coleoids. Berliner Paläobiologische Abhandlungen, 3, 141-162.
Kier, W. M. (1982). The functional morphology of the musculature of squid (Loliginidae) arms and tentacles. Journal of Morphology, 172(2), 179-192.
Kier, W. M., & Smith, A. M. (1990). The morphology and mechanics of octopus suckers. The Biological Bulletin, 178(2), 126.
Kier, W. M., & Smith, K. K. (1985). Tongues, tentacles and trunks: the biomechanics of movement in muscular hydrostats. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 83(4), 307-324.
Kier, W. M., & Stella, M. P. (2007). The arrangement and function of octopus arm musculature and connective tissue. Journal of Morphology, 268(10), 831-843.
Laschi, C., Mazzolai, B., Mattoli, V., Cianchetti, M., & Dario, P. (2009). Design of a biomimetic robotic octopus arm. Bioinspiration & Biomimetics, 4, 015006.
Mather, J. A. (1998). How do octopuses use their arms? Journal of Comparative Psychology, 112(3), 306.
Matzner, H., Gutfreund, Y., & Hochner, B. (2000). Neuromuscular system of the flexible arm of the octopus: physiological characterization. Journal of Neurophysiology, 83(3), 1315-1328.
McMahan, W., & Walker, I. D. (2009). Octopus-inspired grasp-synergies for continuum manipulators.
Niven, J. E. (2011). Invertebrate Neurobiology: Visual Direction of Arm Movements in an Octopus. Current Biology, 21(6), R217-R218.
Nixon, M., & Dilly, P. (1977). Sucker surfaces and prey capture. Paper presented at the Symp. Zool. Soc. , London.
Packard, A. (1988). Visual tactics and evolutionary strategies. Cephalopods Present and Past, 89–103.
Rowell, C. (1963). Excitatory and inhibitory pathways in the arm of Octopus. Journal of experimental biology, 40(2), 257-270.
Rowell, C. (1966). Activity of interneurones in the arm of Octopus in response to tactile stimulation. Journal of experimental biology, 44(3), 589-605.
Smith, A. (1996). Cephalopod sucker design and the physical limits to negative pressure. Journal of experimental biology, 199(4), 949-958.
Smith, A. M. (1991). Negative pressure generated by octopus suckers: a study of the tensile strength of water in nature. Journal of experimental biology, 157(1), 257-271.
Sumbre, G., Gutfreund, Y., Fiorito, G., Flash, T., & Hochner, B. (2001). Control of octopus arm extension by a peripheral motor program. Science, 293(5536), 1845-1848.
Walker, I. D., Dawson, D. M., Flash, T., Grasso, F., Hanlon, R., Hochner, B., et al. (2005). Continuum robot arms inspired by cephalopods. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 2005 SPIE Conference on Unmanned Ground Vehicle Technology IV, Orlando, Florida, USA.
Wells, M. (1963). Taste by touch: some experiments with Octopus. Journal of experimental biology, 40(1), 187-193.
Wells, M. J. (1978). Octopus. Physiology and Behaviour of an Advanced Invertebrate. Chapman and Hall, London.
Woolley, B., & Stanley, K. (2011). Evolving a single scalable controller for an octopus arm with a variable number of segments. Parallel Problem Solving from Nature–PPSN XI, 270-279.
VAVOURAKIS, V., KAZAKIDI, A., & TSAKIRIS, D. (2011). A FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR NON-LINEAR HYPERELASTICITY APPLIED FOR THE SIMULATION OF OCTOPUS ARM MOTIONS. ics.forth.gr. Retrieved from http://www.ics.forth.gr/~
Young, J. (1963). The number and sizes of nerve cells in Octopus. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, London, England.
Young, J. Z., & Boycott, B. B. (1971). The anatomy of the nervous system of Octopus vulgaris: Clarendon Press Oxford.
Zelman, I., Galun, M., Akselrod-Ballin, A., Yekutieli, Y., Hochner, B., & Flash, T. (2009). Nearly automatic motion capture system for tracking octopus arm movements in 3D space. Journal of neuroscience methods, 182(1), 97-109.
2.21.2012
烏賊的偏振光視覺@Current Biology
High-resolution polarisation vision in a cuttlefish
http://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(12)00011-5
2.20.2012
2.19.2012
2.16.2012
2.15.2012
2.12.2012
2.07.2012
頭足類網路熱門話題@Tonmo
1. 2005大王魷魚首見活體影像
2. 保羅章魚世界盃預測
3. 章魚開罐取食
4. 章魚上陸
5. 章魚擠過1吋小洞
6. 暖化造成赤魷入侵北美海域
7. 在碗中舞動的squid
8. Cthulhu 小說的主角
9. 頭足類18禁的想像
10. 冰上曲棍球比賽丟章魚祈勝
http://www.tonmo.com/content.php?184-History-of-Cephalopods-on-the-Internet
1.07.2012
1.05.2012
9.26.2011
魚眼中的烏賊偽裝@PNAS
在人類的眼中頭足類毋庸置疑是偽裝之王(cuttlefish camouflage), 但是偽裝的目的在於躲過掠食者或是欺騙它的獵物, 頭足類的偽裝在牠們的掠食者的眼中是甚麼樣子？大部份頭足類是色盲, 而它們的掠食者則有良好的彩色視覺, 到底色盲的偽裝真的逃得過彩色視覺的法眼嗎？本研究以影像配合演算, 將魚看到的頭足類偽裝呈現在我們眼前。
研究團隊:
Chiao, Chuan-Chin
Marine Resources Center :: Laboratory of Roger Hanlon
原始文獻:Hyperspectral imaging of cuttlefish camouflage indicates good color ...
相關報導:
隱形斗蓬不是夢 台灣學者解開烏賊偽裝行為-Yahoo!奇摩新聞
2011花枝飼養紀錄
2011Nov Sepia filibrachia(暫) https://www.facebook.com/#!/photo.php?v=225895477478041
20110923 Metasepia tullbergi America Reefs Magazine - Rearing the Flamboyant Cuttlefish
20110923 Metasepia tullbergi, Sepia latimanus, Sepia bandensis America Video - Steinhart Aquarium cephalopod update - Blogs - TONMO: The Octopus News Magazine Online
20110923 Metasepia tullbergi America Reefs Magazine - Rearing the Flamboyant Cuttlefish
20110923 Metasepia tullbergi, Sepia latimanus, Sepia bandensis America Video - Steinhart Aquarium cephalopod update - Blogs - TONMO: The Octopus News Magazine Online
2011魷魚野外目擊紀錄
20110927 Sepioteuthis australis Australia Local anglers catch more than 50 jumbo Humboldt squid
20110926 Jumbo squid America (California)
http://a4.sphotos.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-ash4/s320x320/297779_243377305708113_105673816145130_625415_1810842523_n.jpg
20110921 Octoputeuthis deletron America (Monterey Canyon off California) For Deep-Sea Squid, Same-Sex Sex Is Only Half the Story
20110920 Sepioteuthis lessoniana HK A small cuttlefish [HQ]
20110919 Heteroteuthis sp 台灣（蘭嶼）http://www.facebook.com/pages/Cephanews-Taiwan/105673816145130#!/photo.php?fbid=240061662706344&set=a.201663796546131.51128.105673816145130&type=1&theater
2011章魚野外目擊紀錄
20110923 Blue-ring octopus 東北角 藍線章魚VS藍環章魚
20110919 Octopus luteus 台灣（蘭嶼）http://www.facebook.com/pages/Cephanews-Taiwan/105673816145130#!/photo.php?fbid=240062322706278&set=a.201663796546131.51128.105673816145130&type=1&theater
20110919 Octopus luteus 台灣（蘭嶼）http://www.facebook.com/pages/Cephanews-Taiwan/105673816145130#!/photo.php?fbid=240062322706278&set=a.201663796546131.51128.105673816145130&type=1&theater
9.20.2011
2011章魚飼養紀錄
20110923 Amphioctopus marginatus America Video - Steinhart Aquarium cephalopod update - Blogs - TONMO: The Octopus News Magazine Online
20110920 Amphioctopus marginatus America Coconut Octopus grows and opens jars - Blogs - TONMO: The Octopus News Magazine Online
20110905 Octopus vulgaris Enriching Your Pet's Life
20110920 Amphioctopus marginatus America Coconut Octopus grows and opens jars - Blogs - TONMO: The Octopus News Magazine Online
2011烏賊野外目擊紀錄
20110920 Sepia pharaonis? HK Ceci Cuttlefish - see its sleepy eye, just like our Ceci [HQ]
20110919 Egg of Sepia sp. 海口 http://www.facebook.com/pages/Cephanews-Taiwan/105673816145130#!/photo.php?fbid=240063896039454&set=a.201663796546131.51128.105673816145130&type=1&theater
20110906 Indonesia cuttlefish eye
20110829 Australia Sepia apama Cuttlefish decline prompts extended protection zone
20110819 Taiwan 蹦蹦花枝
20110919 Egg of Sepia sp. 海口 http://www.facebook.com/pages/Cephanews-Taiwan/105673816145130#!/photo.php?fbid=240063896039454&set=a.201663796546131.51128.105673816145130&type=1&theater
20110906 Indonesia cuttlefish eye
20110829 Australia Sepia apama Cuttlefish decline prompts extended protection zone
20110819 Taiwan 蹦蹦花枝
7.13.2011
頭足類的演化 @ Bioessays
現在約有180屬800種的頭足類, 在地球上曾經有4000個屬, 這篇由德國與美國共同合作的研究, 從化石胚胎發育以及分子證據, 來探究這個比蟑螂還早出現的動物, 在漫長的演化史中有些甚麼故事。這個現在看起來軟軟的動物, 化石紀錄上可沒有缺席, 豐富多樣的種類, 牠們是化石地層上的時間指標。少數種類更保存了軟組織的化石, 讓我們一窺古頭足類的內在。作者以以下幾點探討頭足類的演化歷史：
1. 胚胎
2. 有腔室的殼
3. Nectocaris pteryx
4. 分子演化證據
5. 現存頭足類的祖先
6. 殼內化
7. 殼消失
演化事件節錄:
5億3千萬年前(寒武紀) 由類似單板綱的生物發展而來, 堅硬的外殻變化成調控浮力的腔室構造。
4億1千萬年前(古生代) 鸚鵡螺(Nautilus)與現生頭足類(Coleoids)兩大分枝
2億7千萬年前(古生代晚期) 現生頭足類分枝, 骨骼內化。現在的章魚/ 魷魚, 烏賊分枝。
原始文獻:Cephalopod origin and evolution: A congruent picture emerging from ...
相關文章: The greatest science paper ever published in the history of humankind
6.30.2011
單眼的演化@BMC Evolutionary Biology
因胚胎發育起源不同等, 頭足類與脊椎動物的單眼被認為是沒有親緣關係, 在演化史上各自發生, 為趨同演化必舉的例子。這樣的想法在發現眼睛發育相關的基因 "pax 6/ eyeless, eyes absent, dachshund, sine oculis" 之後改觀, 這些基因在兩側對秤以及輻射對秤的動物已經擁有, 目前認為動物界眼睛的演化該是同源的, 在不同的演化歷史下造成現在看到的各種眼睛構造。
想要知道演化歷史怎麼在眼睛動手腳, 軟體動物可說是非常好的材料, 從眼點, 針眼到複雜的單眼都可以在這個門中看到, 本篇研究者比對頭足類與脊椎動物眼睛發育階段的重要基因, 想知道哪些基因與單眼相關的演化密切相關。
他們首先找出頭足類眼睛發育階段相關的5707個基因, 其中有1 56個基因在頭足類的演化過程中強烈受到汰選壓力, 接著再從頭足類與脊椎動物的眼睛比對, 找到有1571個基因相同, 這些都有可能為單眼演化相關的重要成員。最後找出了三個基因, 在微鰭烏賊(pygmy squid)的胚胎上進行原位雜交(in-situ hybridization)的實驗, 結果發現這三個基因與視覺相關的腦區"視頁"(optic lobe)形成有關。
原始文獻: Genetic mechanisms involved in the evolution of the cephalopod - NCBI
相關文章：Genetic mechanisms involved in the evolution of the cephalopod camera eye ...
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