頭足類的神經肽

Cell Tissue Res. 2012 Mar 20. [Epub ahead of print]

The VD(1)/RPD (2) α1-neuropeptide is highly expressed in the brain of cephalopodmollusks.

Wollesen T, Nishiguchi MK, Seixas P, Degnan BM, Wanninger A.

Source

Department of Integrative Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria.

大王魷魚的大眼睛是為了偵測抹香鯨而演化的@current biology

http://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(12)00182-0

壓力導致章魚在mantle中吐墨

J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2011;50(6):943-5.

Intramantle Inking: A Stress Behavior in Octopus bimaculoides (Mollusca: Cephalopoda).

Bennett H, Toll RB.

Source

Department of Biology, Illinois College, Jacksonville, Illinois, USA. hbennett@ic.edu.

Abstract

Several Pacific 2-spot octopuses (Octopus bimaculoides) shipped from California and held in a recirculating seawater system at Illinois College exhibited an unusual postshipping stress behavior not previously documented in the literature. Ink, normally ejected into the surrounding seawater, was uncharacteristically retained in the mantle cavity. We describe the resulting behaviors, discuss successful resuscitation efforts, and briefly consider the possible role(s) that ink may have played in the death of one octopus.

PMID:

 

22330791

 

[PubMed - in process] 

PMCID:

 

PMC3228935

 [Available on 2012/5/1]

侏羅紀龍蝦住在菊石殼裡

http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/03/prehistoric-lobsters-made-homes-of-ancient-ammonoid-shells/

Klompmaker, A., & Fraaije, R. (2012). Animal Behavior Frozen in Time: Gregarious Behavior of Early Jurassic Lobsters within an Ammonoid Body Chamber PLoS ONE, 7 (3) DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0031893

2012_大軸突傳導較快

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22238098
http://nerve.bsd.uchicago.edu/nerve1.html

[頭足類研究看看] 神經大小條有關係！研究比對靈長類, 哺乳類, 昆蟲以及章魚的大腦, 研究大腦中的神經粗細與效能, 發現粗神經效能高, 但是建造花費很貴, 就像是建高鐵或是高速公路, 而細神經雖然效能較低, 但是相對較便宜, 像是鄉間小徑, 大腦在建造複雜的神經網絡時, 也會評估每條神經要走的距離, 以最經濟的方式來決定神經粗細。

章魚@墾丁

http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=3480252491457&set=a.3480215090522.2170197.1425655964&type=3&theater

烏賊前腦與眼部的ortholog表現@Gene expr patterns

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22365924

orthodenticle/otx ortholog expression in the anterior brain and eyes of Sepia officinalis (Mollusca,Cephalopoda).

海豚吃小卷

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2111758/He-s-Squid-soon-supper-amazing-night-dolphin-photos.html

線腕花枝Sepia filibrachia產卵

http://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.332268586818984.75203.105673816145130&type=1

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_rxAcuNatGM&feature=player_detailpage#t=0s

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EMstHkHAOBI&feature=player_detailpage

螢火魷發光的解密@FEB

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001457931100562X

Volume 585, Issue 17, 2 September 2011, Pages 2735–2738

Luciferase activity of the intracellular microcrystal of the firefly squid, Watasenia scintillans

Edited by Gianni Cesareni

• Toshiaki Hamanaka^a, 1, 2, 
• Masanao Michinomae^b, 1, 
• Masatsugu Seidou^c, , 1, , 
• Keiko Miura^d,
• Katsuaki Inoue^d, 3, 
• Yuji Kito^e

大章魚飼養手冊

http://www.thecephalopodpage.org/_pdf/Giant%20Pacific%20Octopus%20husbandry%20BIAZA.pdf

頭足類之齒專書

http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TTUTmRfywzcC&hl=zh-TW&source=gbs_slider_cls_metadata_0_mylibrary

Cephalopod beak guide for the Southern Ocean

西班牙開發章魚飼料

http://fis.com/fis/worldnews/worldnews.asp?monthyear=&day=29&id=50339&l=e&special=&ndb=1%20target=

molecular motor in squid @Cytoskeleton

Identification of molecular motors in the Woods Hole squid, Loligo pealei: an expressed sequence tag approach.

貝類建造外殻形狀及圖案的神經機制@PNAS

The neural origins of shell structure and pattern in aquatic mollusks


原始文獻：

新聞：
http://esciencenews.com/articles/2009/04/02/mollusks.taste.memories.build.shells

超音波研究章魚腳@JEB

http://jeb.biologists.org/content/suppl/2011/10/24/214.22.3727.DC1/MovieS1.mov

http://jeb.biologists.org/content/214/22/3727/suppl/DC1

J Exp Biol. 2011 Nov 15;214(Pt 22):3727-31.

Non-invasive study of Octopus vulgaris arm morphology using ultrasound.

Margheri L, Ponte G, Mazzolai B, Laschi C, Fiorito G.

Source

The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy.

Erratum in

• J Exp Biol. 2011 Dec 1;214(Pt 23):4065.

Abstract

Octopus arms are extremely dexterous structures. The special arrangements of the muscle fibers and nerve cord allow a rich variety of complex and fine movements under neural control. Historically, the arm structure has been investigated using traditional comparative morphological ex vivo analysis. Here, we employed ultrasound imaging, for the first time, to explore in vivo the arms of the cephalopod mollusc Octopus vulgaris. Sonographic examination (linear transducer, 18 MHz) was carried out in anesthetized animals along the three anatomical planes: transverse, sagittal and horizontal. Images of the arm were comparable to the corresponding histological sections. We were able, in a non-invasive way, to measure the dimensions of the arm and its internal structures such as muscle bundles and neural components. In addition, we evaluated echo intensity signals as an expression of the difference in the muscular organization of the tissues examined (i.e. transverse versus longitudinal muscles), finding different reflectivity based on different arrangements of fibers and their intimate relationship with other tissues. In contrast to classical preparative procedures, ultrasound imaging can provide rapid, destruction-free access to morphological data from numerous specimens, thus extending the range of techniques available for comparative studies of invertebrate morphology.

鸚鵡螺沒有吸盤的觸手的黏著機制＠zoology

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0944200611000882

動物界的奧斯卡

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/46515562/ns/technology_and_science-science/#.T0zYhHIjFLo

船艄@漂流木書

http://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.10150588270913912.387313.619543911&type=3

頭足類分類史 by Wensung Chung

1990之前就有800多個種類了, 這是頭足類傳統分類的行家努力而來的, 例如: 德國的Chun, 日本的Sasaki教授, Okutani爺爺, 蘇聯的Nesis大爺, 法國的Mangold阿媽, Renata夫人, 臺灣的Lu大人, 美國的Young教授, Hochberg研究員, Roper研究員, 英國的克拉克爵士, Boyle教授等等, 而近代更是族繁不及備載！近代分生的技術補足了過去形態分類的不足, 但是種類的增加主要是採樣限制的突破, 例如深海的種類, 例如一些局限分佈且非漁業目標的種類。而臺灣頭足類的多樣性非常高, 據Lu大人過去12年的採集, 我們吃的種類超過100種(包含許多未發表的新種), 還需要更多努力才能將它們列表。

低頻噪音對魷魚行為的影響＠Ocean Sciences Meeting

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-17117194

The research has been featured at the biennial Ocean Sciences Meeting.

It was presented by Aran Mooney from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) of Massachusetts, US.

William Gilly

http://gilly.stanford.edu/humboldt.html

吸盤作用文獻 by Stavros

Barber, V. C. (2010). The sense organs of Nautilus. Nautilus, 223-230. 

Budelmann, B., Schipp, R. & Boletzky, S.v. (1997). Cephalopoda. Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates, 6(A), 119-414. 

Calisti, M., Giorelli, M., Levy, G., Mazzolai, B., Hochner, B., Laschi, C., et al. (2011). An octopus-bioinspired solution to movement and manipulation for soft robots. Bioinspiration & Biomimetics, 6, 036-042.

Cianchetti, M., Arienti, A., Follador, M., Mazzolai, B., Dario, P., & Laschi, C. (2010). Design concept and validation of a robotic arm inspired by the octopus. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 31(6), 1230-1239.

Cyran, N., Klinger, L., Scott, R., Griffiths, C., Schwaha, T., Zheden, V., et al. (2010). Characterization of the Adhesive Systems in Cephalopods. Biological Adhesive Systems, 53-86.

Girod, P. (1884). Recherches sur la peau des céphalopodes. La ventouse. Arch. Zool. Exp. Gen, 2, 379-401.

Grasso, F. W. (2008). Octopus sucker-arm coordination in grasping and manipulation. American Malacological Bulletin, 24(1), 13-23.

Graziadei, P. (1962). Receptors in the suckers of Octopus. Nature, 195, 57-59.

Graziadei, P. (1964). Electron microscopy of some primary receptors in the sucker of Octopus vulgaris. Cell and Tissue Research, 64(4), 510-522.

Graziadei, P. (1965). Muscle receptors in cephalopods. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences, 161(984), 392.

Graziadei, P., & Gagne, H. (1976). Sensory innervation in the rim of the octopus sucker. Journal of Morphology, 150(3), 639-679.

Gutfreund, Y. (2000). The intricacies of flexible arms. Science Spectra(19), 28-37. can't find this anywhere anymore

Gutfreund, Y., Flash, T., Fiorito, G., & Hochner, B. (1998). Patterns of arm muscle activation involved in octopus reaching movements. The Journal of neuroscience, 18(15), 5976-5987.

Gutfreund, Y., Flash, T., Yarom, Y., Fiorito, G., Segev, I., & Hochner, B. (1996). Organization of octopus arm movements: a model system for studying the control of flexible arms. The Journal of neuroscience, 16(22), 7297-7307.

Gutnick, T., Byrne, R. A., Hochner, B., & Kuba, M. (2011). Octopus vulgaris Uses Visual Information to Determine the Location of Its Arm. Current Biology, 21(6), 460-462.

Kier, W., & Thompson, J. (2003). Muscle arrangement, function and specialization in recent coleoids. Berliner Paläobiologische Abhandlungen, 3, 141-162.

Kier, W. M. (1982). The functional morphology of the musculature of squid (Loliginidae) arms and tentacles. Journal of Morphology, 172(2), 179-192.

Kier, W. M., & Smith, A. M. (1990). The morphology and mechanics of octopus suckers. The Biological Bulletin, 178(2), 126.

Kier, W. M., & Smith, K. K. (1985). Tongues, tentacles and trunks: the biomechanics of movement in muscular hydrostats. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 83(4), 307-324.

Kier, W. M., & Stella, M. P. (2007). The arrangement and function of octopus arm musculature and connective tissue. Journal of Morphology, 268(10), 831-843.

Laschi, C., Mazzolai, B., Mattoli, V., Cianchetti, M., & Dario, P. (2009). Design of a biomimetic robotic octopus arm. Bioinspiration & Biomimetics, 4, 015006.

Mather, J. A. (1998). How do octopuses use their arms? Journal of Comparative Psychology, 112(3), 306.

Matzner, H., Gutfreund, Y., & Hochner, B. (2000). Neuromuscular system of the flexible arm of the octopus: physiological characterization. Journal of Neurophysiology, 83(3), 1315-1328.

McMahan, W., & Walker, I. D. (2009). Octopus-inspired grasp-synergies for continuum manipulators.

Niven, J. E. (2011). Invertebrate Neurobiology: Visual Direction of Arm Movements in an Octopus. Current Biology, 21(6), R217-R218.

Nixon, M., & Dilly, P. (1977). Sucker surfaces and prey capture. Paper presented at the Symp. Zool. Soc. , London.

Packard, A. (1988). Visual tactics and evolutionary strategies. Cephalopods Present and Past, 89–103.

Rowell, C. (1963). Excitatory and inhibitory pathways in the arm of Octopus. Journal of experimental biology, 40(2), 257-270.

Rowell, C. (1966). Activity of interneurones in the arm of Octopus in response to tactile stimulation. Journal of experimental biology, 44(3), 589-605.

Smith, A. (1996). Cephalopod sucker design and the physical limits to negative pressure. Journal of experimental biology, 199(4), 949-958.

Smith, A. M. (1991). Negative pressure generated by octopus suckers: a study of the tensile strength of water in nature. Journal of experimental biology, 157(1), 257-271.

Sumbre, G., Gutfreund, Y., Fiorito, G., Flash, T., & Hochner, B. (2001). Control of octopus arm extension by a peripheral motor program. Science, 293(5536), 1845-1848.

Walker, I. D., Dawson, D. M., Flash, T., Grasso, F., Hanlon, R., Hochner, B., et al. (2005). Continuum robot arms inspired by cephalopods. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 2005 SPIE Conference on Unmanned Ground Vehicle Technology IV, Orlando, Florida, USA.

Wells, M. (1963). Taste by touch: some experiments with Octopus. Journal of experimental biology, 40(1), 187-193.

Wells, M. J. (1978). Octopus. Physiology and Behaviour of an Advanced Invertebrate. Chapman and Hall, London.

Woolley, B., & Stanley, K. (2011). Evolving a single scalable controller for an octopus arm with a variable number of segments. Parallel Problem Solving from Nature–PPSN XI, 270-279.

VAVOURAKIS, V., KAZAKIDI, A., & TSAKIRIS, D. (2011). A FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR NON-LINEAR HYPERELASTICITY APPLIED FOR THE SIMULATION OF OCTOPUS ARM MOTIONS. ics.forth.gr. Retrieved from http://www.ics.forth.gr/~kazakidi/pu...as_coupled.pdf

Young, J. (1963). The number and sizes of nerve cells in Octopus. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, London, England.

Young, J. Z., & Boycott, B. B. (1971). The anatomy of the nervous system of Octopus vulgaris: Clarendon Press Oxford.

Zelman, I., Galun, M., Akselrod-Ballin, A., Yekutieli, Y., Hochner, B., & Flash, T. (2009). Nearly automatic motion capture system for tracking octopus arm movements in 3D space. Journal of neuroscience methods, 182(1), 97-109.

中國海域頭足類DNA barcoding analysis @ Mol Ecol Resour

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22348331

烏賊的偏振光視覺@Current Biology

High-resolution polarisation vision in a cuttlefish

http://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(12)00011-5

火焰烏賊@Anilao

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VadYV4mQSyk&feature=share

魷魚飛躍@nature

Squid can fly to save energy

章魚腳機器人@義大利

Watch the incredible video of the 'Robot tentacle' Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2102235/Suckers-Scientists-create-working-robotic-octopus-arm--aim-seven-working-year.html#ixzz1mstmZTUj

cuttlefish live cam @

my cuttlefish research

Enteroctopus dofleini mating @ Seattle Aquarium

Hot Octopus-on-Octopus Action, Care of the Seattle Aquarium

烏賊偽裝 modal completion @Proceedings of the Royal Society B

Visual interpolation for contour completion by the European cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) and its use in dynamic camouflage

影片 http://www.newscientist.com/blogs/nstv/2012/02/copycat-cuttlefish-may-see-same-illusions-as-humans.html

Science copies how squid change colour

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-16554359

頭足類網路熱門話題@Tonmo

1. 2005大王魷魚首見活體影像
2. 保羅章魚世界盃預測
3. 章魚開罐取食
4. 章魚上陸
5. 章魚擠過1吋小洞
6. 暖化造成赤魷入侵北美海域
7. 在碗中舞動的squid
8. Cthulhu 小說的主角
9. 頭足類18禁的想像
10. 冰上曲棍球比賽丟章魚祈勝

http://www.tonmo.com/content.php?184-History-of-Cephalopods-on-the-Internet

Roger Hanlon 線上課程

Roger Hanlon part1

Squid skin inspires submarine camouflage

Squid skin inspires submarine camouflage

Squid偽裝

Deep sea squid camouflage

Metasepia feeding

Metasepia bullbergi hunting

Sepia filibrachi

Sepia filibrachia 求偶

章魚偽裝

MOst intelligent mimic octpus

mimic octopus pretending to a flatfish

烏賊偽裝

Cuttlefish changes colors like checkerboard

Sepia latimanas@澳洲

Giant cuttlefish attack scuba diver

Hunting cuttlefish

Metasepia & Doradosepion @ 野柳

野柳海洋世界

RNA editing 幫助章魚的神經系統在低溫下運作@science

RNA Editing Underlies Temperature Adaptation in K+ Channels from Polar Octopuses

魚眼中的烏賊偽裝@PNAS

在人類的眼中頭足類毋庸置疑是偽裝之王(cuttlefish camouflage), 但是偽裝的目的在於躲過掠食者或是欺騙它的獵物, 頭足類的偽裝在牠們的掠食者的眼中是甚麼樣子？大部份頭足類是色盲, 而它們的掠食者則有良好的彩色視覺, 到底色盲的偽裝真的逃得過彩色視覺的法眼嗎？本研究以影像配合演算, 將魚看到的頭足類偽裝呈現在我們眼前。


研究團隊:
Chiao, Chuan-Chin
Marine Resources Center :: Laboratory of Roger Hanlon


原始文獻:Hyperspectral imaging of cuttlefish camouflage indicates good color ...

相關報導:
隱形斗蓬不是夢 台灣學者解開烏賊偽裝行為-Yahoo!奇摩新聞

2011花枝飼養紀錄

2011Nov Sepia filibrachia(暫) https://www.facebook.com/#!/photo.php?v=225895477478041 

20110923 Metasepia tullbergi America Reefs Magazine - Rearing the Flamboyant Cuttlefish

20110923 Metasepia tullbergi, Sepia latimanus, Sepia bandensis America Video - Steinhart Aquarium cephalopod update - Blogs - TONMO: The Octopus News Magazine Online

2011魷魚野外目擊紀錄

20110927 Sepioteuthis australis Australia Local anglers catch more than 50 jumbo Humboldt squid

20110926 Jumbo squid America (California) http://www.vcstar.com/news/2011/sep/26/coroloma-anglers-catch-more-than-50-jumbo-squid/

20110925 軟絲卵 台灣 (東北角) http://a4.sphotos.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-ash4/s320x320/297779_243377305708113_105673816145130_625415_1810842523_n.jpg

20110921 Octoputeuthis deletron America (Monterey Canyon off California) For Deep-Sea Squid, Same-Sex Sex Is Only Half the Story  

20110920 Sepioteuthis lessoniana HK A small cuttlefish [HQ]

20110919 Heteroteuthis sp 台灣（蘭嶼）http://www.facebook.com/pages/Cephanews-Taiwan/105673816145130#!/photo.php?fbid=240061662706344&set=a.201663796546131.51128.105673816145130&type=1&theater
 

2011章魚野外目擊紀錄

20110923 Blue-ring octopus 東北角 藍線章魚VS藍環章魚

20110919 Octopus luteus 台灣（蘭嶼）http://www.facebook.com/pages/Cephanews-Taiwan/105673816145130#!/photo.php?fbid=240062322706278&set=a.201663796546131.51128.105673816145130&type=1&theater

2011章魚飼養紀錄

20110923 Amphioctopus marginatus America Video - Steinhart Aquarium cephalopod update - Blogs - TONMO: The Octopus News Magazine Online

20110920 Amphioctopus marginatus America Coconut Octopus grows and opens jars - Blogs - TONMO: The Octopus News Magazine Online

20110905 Octopus vulgaris Enriching Your Pet's Life

2011烏賊野外目擊紀錄

20110920 Sepia pharaonis? HK Ceci Cuttlefish - see its sleepy eye, just like our Ceci [HQ]

20110919 Egg of Sepia sp. 海口 http://www.facebook.com/pages/Cephanews-Taiwan/105673816145130#!/photo.php?fbid=240063896039454&set=a.201663796546131.51128.105673816145130&type=1&theater

20110906 Indonesia cuttlefish eye

20110829 Australia Sepia apama Cuttlefish decline prompts extended protection zone

20110819 Taiwan 蹦蹦花枝

頭足類的演化 @ Bioessays

現在約有180屬800種的頭足類, 在地球上曾經有4000個屬, 這篇由德國與美國共同合作的研究, 從化石胚胎發育以及分子證據, 來探究這個比蟑螂還早出現的動物, 在漫長的演化史中有些甚麼故事。這個現在看起來軟軟的動物, 化石紀錄上可沒有缺席, 豐富多樣的種類, 牠們是化石地層上的時間指標。少數種類更保存了軟組織的化石, 讓我們一窺古頭足類的內在。作者以以下幾點探討頭足類的演化歷史：

1. 胚胎
2. 有腔室的殼
3. Nectocaris pteryx
4. 分子演化證據
5. 現存頭足類的祖先
6. 殼內化
7. 殼消失

演化事件節錄:
5億3千萬年前(寒武紀) 由類似單板綱的生物發展而來, 堅硬的外殻變化成調控浮力的腔室構造。
4億1千萬年前(古生代) 鸚鵡螺(Nautilus)與現生頭足類(Coleoids)兩大分枝
2億7千萬年前(古生代晚期) 現生頭足類分枝, 骨骼內化。現在的章魚/ 魷魚, 烏賊分枝。

原始文獻:Cephalopod origin and evolution: A congruent picture emerging from ...
相關文章: The greatest science paper ever published in the history of humankind

單眼的演化@BMC Evolutionary Biology

因胚胎發育起源不同等, 頭足類與脊椎動物的單眼被認為是沒有親緣關係, 在演化史上各自發生, 為趨同演化必舉的例子。這樣的想法在發現眼睛發育相關的基因 "pax 6/ eyeless, eyes absent, dachshund, sine oculis" 之後改觀, 這些基因在兩側對秤以及輻射對秤的動物已經擁有, 目前認為動物界眼睛的演化該是同源的, 在不同的演化歷史下造成現在看到的各種眼睛構造。

想要知道演化歷史怎麼在眼睛動手腳, 軟體動物可說是非常好的材料, 從眼點, 針眼到複雜的單眼都可以在這個門中看到, 本篇研究者比對頭足類與脊椎動物眼睛發育階段的重要基因, 想知道哪些基因與單眼相關的演化密切相關。

他們首先找出頭足類眼睛發育階段相關的5707個基因, 其中有1 56個基因在頭足類的演化過程中強烈受到汰選壓力, 接著再從頭足類與脊椎動物的眼睛比對, 找到有1571個基因相同, 這些都有可能為單眼演化相關的重要成員。最後找出了三個基因, 在微鰭烏賊(pygmy squid)的胚胎上進行原位雜交(in-situ hybridization)的實驗, 結果發現這三個基因與視覺相關的腦區"視頁"(optic lobe)形成有關。

原始文獻: Genetic mechanisms involved in the evolution of the cephalopod - NCBI
相關文章：Genetic mechanisms involved in the evolution of the cephalopod camera eye ...

魷魚的祕密溝通的構造證據 @ Bilogy Letters

使用身體花紋溝通防禦以及偽裝的頭足類, 仰賴的工具是牠們體表的色素胞以及虹彩細:chromatophores.jpg

測量在不同角度的偏振光濾片下, 魷魚皮膚虹彩細胞的反射光波長, 發現:

1. 不同偏振角度下, 虹彩細胞的顏色會改變。
2. 虹彩細胞的反射光為偏振光。
3. 覆蓋在虹彩細胞上的色素胞, 作用有如彩色的濾片, 會改變虹彩細胞反射光的顏色, 例如當黃色素胞張開時, 虹彩細胞的反射光從480nm變為540nm; 而褐色素胞張開時, 則會完全遮掩反射光。


色素胞的張閉為神經主動調控, 因此魷魚可以主動控制虹彩細胞反射光的有無以及顏色。加上這個反射光為偏振光, 所以只有看得到偏振光的眼睛才看得到。大部份捕食頭足類的動物不具有偏振光視覺, 由此推測, 魷魚可以在偽裝的時候使用虹彩細胞釋放祕密的溝通訊息。

原始文獻: Anatomical basis for camouflaged polarized light communication in ...
研究團隊: Marine Resources Center :: Laboratory of Roger Hanlon

CephaNick的軟絲發育日記-6

這是一篇接續2007年時的日記，拖稿拖了太多年了...這系列是頭足類胚胎發育過程很好的分享。

請繼續收看...

上圖是由卵授精過後的第七天。在把卵膜外的卵鞘(Egg capsule)剝除後，顆顆透明、直徑約0.8cm大小的卵膜內有著一個個的軟絲小生命。雖然每個個體幾乎皆是同時產出的，但還是可以看的出來每個軟絲可能因孵育的水體中：溶氧、溫度...等些微的不同，導致有不同的發育階段。例如上圖黃色箭頭指的軟絲胚胎發育時期就早於藍色箭頭的胚胎。

這張圖是卵鞘中發育較晚期的胚胎，這個胚胎已發育到了第23時期，可以看的出來不只往後用來噴水的漏斗口已經癒合(紅色箭頭，請參考CephaNick的軟絲發育日記-5)，另外小小的鰭已經長出來了(黃色箭頭)，而各個腕上的吸盤也正出現中(綠色箭頭)，眼睛的水晶體也迅速發育當中(藍色箭頭)！

烏賊舉手作偽裝 @ proceeding of the royal society B

烏賊除了會作體表花紋的偽裝之外, 他們也會利用腕足擺成合適的姿勢讓自己隱沒在立體的背景中。這是首次找出可以讓花枝在人工背景的下, 做出姿勢偽裝的方法。


原始文獻: Cuttlefish use visual cues to determine arm postures for camouflage
研究團隊: Marine Resources Center :: Laboratory of Roger Hanlon